My Article on Bhausaheb Sadashivrao published in Weekly Samarthan

My Article on  Bhausaheb Sadashivrao published in Weekly Samarthan,  a Martahi weekly newspaper  on 2nd July , 2012.

Ibrahim Khan Gardi : The Muslim Commander in the Maratha army

Ibrahim Khan Gardi was one of the Gardis trained by de Bussy . The term " Gardi " came to be applied to the troops and officers trained by Bussy with strict regulations about discipline, uniforms, arms, marches and other military essentials, which were till then conspicuous in India by their absence, and which the Marathas with their strong self-will particularly hated . Bussy spent the first three years of  his life in India (1747-49) in selecting proper well-built candidates for service with a strong physique and measured height and in training them for the purposes of infantry and artillery during field-operations and sieges. Ibrahim Khan was the son of Muzaffar Khan Gardi’s  sister. Ibrahim Khan was in the services of  Nizam Ali and was highly attached to him and had participated in the battle of Sindakhed against the Marathas in which the Marathas won .Nizam Ali also had a lot of affection for Ibrahim Khan , he along with his chief officials attended the marriage of the daughter of this Gardi commander .But Ibrahim Khan was a a trifle inferior to Muzaffar Khan in the technicalities of his profession. In this connection Salabat Jung once remarked: “Bussy had no difficulty in getting rid of Muzaffar Khan at a moment's notice. Ibrahim Khan stands no  comparison in that respcct.”  In June 1758 Bussy was recalled and he left the services of Nizam Salabat Jung . After Bussy's departure affairs took a rapid turn for the worse in the Nizam's State. Basalat Jang and Nizam Ali quarrelled over the power to manage the administration as Salabat Jang was a mere figure-head, playing into the hands of his powerful ministers. During the war on the east coast, Captain Forde of the British East India Company marched into the Northern Sarkars  and captured those districts for themselves : neither Basalat Jang nor Nizam Ali could prevent this. The latter demanded from Salabat Jang the sole management of affairs : but Salabat Jang was afraid of his own life being attempted by Nizam Ali's Gardis headed by Ibrahim Khan. He therefore stipulated that he would entrust him with all powers provided he dismissed Ibrahim Khan from his service. This he agreed to do. Ibrahim Khan was dismissed by Nizam Ali in October 1759 and the latter was given full powers of administration by Salabat Jang. Raja Vithal Das  paid the arrear of three lakhs  in full immediately and expelled Ibrahim Khan Gardi from the services of Nizam Ali on 9th October. When Sadashivrao at Poona learnt of Ibrahim Khan's dismissal, he at once engaged him in his employ with the help of one Keshavrao Panse , having already fully satisfied himself about the latter's honesty and capacity. This was the reason that provoked Muzaffar Khan, the rival gardi commander  to attempt Bhausaheb's life. Ibrahim Khan was to join service at Poona on November 5, 1759.

Sadshivrao granted Ibrahim Khan the sole management of Peshwa’s artillery .Ibrahim Khan entered the services of Peshwa with 12,000 French-trained sepoys forming 12 battalions of thousand men each. Ibrahim Khan led Peshwa’s artillery in the battle of Udgir and fought against the gardis of Nizam Ali .In this battle Ibrahim Khan displayed an impressive show of his French capacities and talent.  Impressed by his capacities Sadshivrao decided to take Ibrahim Khan in the Panipat campaign. Ibrahim Khan set out from Patdur with 8,000 gardi sepoys . Ibrahim Khan proved useful at Delhi and Kunjpura where his guns created havoc in the Afghan camps. Regarding this Nana Phadnavis wrote on 28th November : “The Afghans have been impressed by him” . Impressed by this general of Sadshivrao , the Afghans tried to detach him from the Marathas in the name of religion but this loyal general boldly turned down all lucrative offers. It was on the advice of Ibrahim Khan that Sadshivrao decided to entrench himself at Panipat .Finally in the main battle fought on 14th January , it was his war plan (of moving in a hollow square formation) that was implemented by Sadshivrao . Just before the battle  Ibrahim Khan rode up to Bhausaheb and said "Ram ! Ram ! You were highly displeased with me because every month I used to take from you, with bold insistence, order for the cash payment of our salary, running to six lakhs of Rupees. This month your treasure has been looted and we have got no order of payment. Never mind that today I shall discharge my duty". In the battle the gardis fell on the right wing of the Afghans and the Rohillas received huge causalities . In the first half of the battle Ibrahim Khan remained the undisputed champion in that part of the field. So fierce was Ibrahim Khan Gardi’s attack that only a few Soldiers remained with their chiefs and one leader could not inquire about another. The old Hafiz Rahmat Khan said, "Set my palki down in front of Dundi Khan, so that I may be slain before his face.". Dundi Khan came down from his horse and cried out, " Comrades! our life and honour are perishing. Bring me news of Hafiz Rahmat Khan" .Towards the end of the battle Ibrahim Khan was captured in wounded condition and most of his gardi soldiers were killed in the battlefield. Ibrahim Khan was later tortured and  executed on the orders of Abdali .There is also a mention of Fatheh Ali Khan Gardi who led a night attack on the Afghan camp on 19th November 1760 , who was the brother of Ibrahim Khan Gardi. What happened to Fatheh Ali Khan is nowhere recorded . It has also been stated that the son and brother-in-law of Ibrahim khan died in the battle field.

Sadashivrao Bhau : The Maratha Senapati in the Panipat Campaign

Sadashirao Bhau , the commander-in –chief of the Maratha army  during the Panipat campaign was the was son of Chimaji Appa (born on 5^th July 1730) , the younger brother of Peshwa Bajirao .Sadshivrao’s  mother was Rakmabai, the sister of Trimbakrao Pethe (famous by the nickname Trimbakrao Mama) .Rakhmabai’s family originally belonged to Guhagar in the Dapoli district of the Konkan where they held the position of Mokadam(headman , chief ) of the Kasba of Guhagar. Her father Visaji Krishna Pethe , was given an inam in Kiwale , in the Taluka of Haveli province of Poona, by  Chatrapati Shahuji on 17^th November ,1722. Visaji Krishna  was the Kamavisdar of Khandesh and after his death in 1728 Trimbakrao succeeded to his post .

Sadshivrao’s father was the far more attractive personality than Bajirao. His mind was bent towards study. His manners were pleasing. His temper was sweet and reasonable. It often happened that the Deccan nobles, unwilling to approach Bajirao  and to risk a sharp, discourteous refusal, reached their object by winning to their cause Chimaji Appa, against whose persuasive pleading even Bajirao was rarely proof. It was Chimaji Appa who saw that Bajirao's sons were educated, were invested with the sacred thread, were united to suitable wives and taught the high morality and noble truths of the Hindu faith. It was he who defeated and killed Sidi Sat, and but for his  perseverance and energy Bassein would most likely never have fallen. Had he lived longer, he would doubtless have controlled the quarrels of Raghunathrao and Sadashivrao, both of whom revered him as their father, and thus saved his country from the disaster of Panipat.
                                                 

Sadshivrao’s  mother Rakmabai  died on the 31st August 1730 . Chimaji then married his second wife Anapurnabai on 9th December 1731 .She bore him one daughter named daughter Bagabai, who married Gangadharnaik Onkar. Chimaji Appa himself died at Poona on 17th December 1740 (at a young age of 34) and Anapurnaba became sati on his pyre. Sadshivrao was brought up by his grandmother (mother of Bajirao and Chimaji Appa) Radhabai . Sadshivrao was married to Umabai on 7^th February , 1740 .She gave birth to two sons who died soon. Umabai herself died on 22nd March ,1750 and Sadashivrao then married Parvatibai the daughter of Bhikaji Naik  Kolhatkar of Pen on 26^th April ,1750 .Parvatibai escorted Sadshivrao in the Panipat campaign and survived the disaster .

Sadshivrao undertook his first campaign in Karnataka in 1746 because Babuji Naik and Fateh Singh Bhonsle failed in  the task assigned to them .Sadshivrao  left Poona on 5^th December, 1746 with Mahadoba Purandare and Sakharam Bapu as his political advisers. The campaign continued till May 1747 mostly in the western Karnatak region. In January 1747 he won his first battle at Ajra, south of Kolhapur .The Navab of Savnur was chastised , the fort of Bahadur Benda was reduced and chauth was levied from the region between the rivers Krishna and Tungabhadra . All together 36 parganas were captured in this campaign.

After the death of Chatrapati Sahahuji on 15th December 1749 , Peshwa urged that in the interest of the State, the executive power must remain in his own hands and that he would not tolerate any interference with the administration from the Pratinidhi, or the Sachiv or any one else. As a result Singhad fort was taken forcibly from the Sachiv (6^th July ,1750). Like the Sachiv the Pratinidhi too rebelled against the Peshwa . Sangola near Pandharpur was a small fortified post belonging to the Pratinidhi . Sangola was held by  Dadoba Pratinidhi’s Mutalik Yamaji Shivdev . Peshwa despatched Sadashivrao Bhau and Ramchandra Baba with an adequate armed force and Ramraja himself at their head to take possession of Sangola from Yamaji Shivdev. The latter resisted and waged a short struggle of two weeks; but being overpowered by the Peshwa's artillery, Yamaji delivered Sangola into Sadashivrao's hands on the Dassara day, 25th September.[ Ramchandra Bawa Suktankar was appointed as as the Peshwa's agents with Sindhia. Ranoji Sindia and Ramchandra Bawa pulled together well and kept on cordial terms with each other. After Ranoji's death Jayappa became the head of the family and his relations with Ramchandra Bawa soon came to be severely strained. Jayappa became disgusted with Ramchandra Baba's greed and compelled the Peshwa to recall him to the south, just about the time that  Shahu died(15th December 1749)]

Sadashivrao and Ramchandra Baba executed some bold and quick measures at Sangola .But this the Peshwa felt as an encroachment on his own powers. He bitterly resented Sadashivrao's action at Sangola and the two cousins were nearly on the point of an open rupture. In this situation Mahadoba quietly withdrew from all office work and retired to his home at Saswad, thus easing the tension so far as lay in his power. Sadashivrao, however, took a different line of action, being encouraged and financially helped by Ramchandra Baba. He demanded from the Peshwa full power to conduct the administration, not approving the lenient method adopted by the latter. The Peshwa refused to surrender his power on any account. Sadashivrao thereupon threatened to resign and seek service under Sambhaji Raja of Kolhapur, who had written to him, offering him the post of his Peshwa with a jagir of five thousand along with the possession of three important forts Bhimgad, Pargad and Vallabhgad, all on the border of Kolhapur and Belgam. Happily the dispute was soon reconciled and nothing untoward happened in consequence. This was in the closing months of 1750, when Sadashivrao met the Peshwa after his expedition to Sangola.

In January, 1751  Sadshivrao escorted Peshwa into an expedition into Karnataka . Sadashivrao’s commander Trimbak Suryaji captured the fort Trimbak on 2nd December 1751 .Nasik  was also  occupied and here the Peshwa rapidly erected palaces and temples. Though fort Trimbak was temporarily given back to Muslim control, it was recaptured by the Marathas within two years, the Masjid was pulled down and the original temple restored. Peshwa and Bhausaheb paid their first ceremonial visit to this temple of Trimbakeshwar in November 1754. Several minor forts in the vicinity such as Kamala, Tringalwadi, Bitinga and others came at the same time into Maratha possession. Shivaji's birthplace fort Shivner was taken a little later in ,1756.

On 20th March Sadashivrao  captured the fort of Holi Honnur standing at the junction of the rivers Tunga and Bhadra. Peshwa and Sadshivrao together  captured Dharwar on 14th May. Thence on the way to Poona they halted at Kolhapur and were cordially received by Raja Sambhaji and his queen Jijabai, who gave Bhausaheb the forts of Bhimgad, Pargad, Vallabhgad and Kalanidhi along with the district of Khanapur, in fulfilment of an engagement which had been contracted earlier .Sadshivrao thereafter  escorted Peshwa in a number of campaigns in south India. Sadshivrao himself led the Maratha army against the Nizams in the battles of Sindkhed(1757) and Udgir (1760) .It was Sadshivrao who looked after the administrative and financial matters of the Maratha empire.

Muzaffar Khan Gardi  bore bitter hatred towards Sadashivrao, and when the latter entertained the services of Ibrahim Khan, a rival Gardi commander, Muzaffar Khan sought to wreak his revenge. On the evening of 28th October 1759 as Sadashivrao was transacting his routine business in his tent at the Garpir of Poona, the Khan's son-in-law Haidar Khan suddenly stabbed Sadashivrao in the back. Fortunately the wound though severe did not prove fatal. An immediate inquiry was made and eight culprits including Muzaffar Khan and his son-in-law were blown away from guns on October 30.

Sadshivrao Bhau was appointed by Peshwa Balajirao to lead the Panipat campaign . In this campaign Bhausaheb selected men  belonging to his own party like Balwantaro Mehendele and Nana Purandare. Bhausaheb wrote to almost every principle chief of Hindustan for assistance in driving off this Afghan Invader. He sent his personal agents to Madho Singh of Jaipur and Vijay Singh of Marwar , Shuja-ud-daula of Awadh and many more .But Bhau received no positive response except from Surajmal Jat of Bharatpur .On the way to Delhi  Bahusaheb performed pilgrimage at Muchukund Teerth (Dholpur) , Mathura and Vrindavan . While Sadshivrao was performing his religious ceremonies , Ibrahim Khan battered the red fort with his cannons and forced its Afghan keeper to deliver the fort into Maratha hands. Throughout the rainy season negotiations were held between the Marathas and Afghans. In all negotiations Bhausaheb had no free hand for all important decisions he used to refer to Peshwa.

After the rains Bhausaheb thought of attacking Kunjpura .  On the way to Kunjpura Bhausaheb deposed the Mughal Emperor Shah Jhan Sani (III) , who was appointed by the wicked Imad-ul-Mulkh after the murder of Emperor Alamgir (II) and appointed the fugitive Mughal Emperor Shah Alam on the Mughal throne.

Kunjpura was easily taken and Abdus Samad Khan, the faujdar of Abdali at Sarhind was killed in the encounter . Mia Qutub shah , who had cut-off the head of Dattaji Sindhia was executed on the orders of Bhau. After Kunjpura Bhausaheb moved to perform pilgrimage at Kurukshetra .On the way to Kurukshetra Sadshivrao learnt that Abdali had crossed Jamuna at Bagpat and was heading towards them. Bhausaheb then rushed towards Delhi and finally settled at Panipat. Here Bhausaheb acting on the advice of Ibrahim Khan decided to entrench himself in the hostile city of Panipat. This entrenchment continued in the severe winter of November, December and January .The route southward from  panipat was blocked by Abdali’s army and soon there started a starvation in the Maratha camp.

Tired of waiting and the starvation in the Maratha camp compelled Sadshivrao to launch a finale attack on 14^th January , 1760 . The Maratha army was to move in a triangular formation under the cover of canons with Sadashivrao and Viswasrao at the centre and the non-combatants at their back. The contingents of Sindhia and Holkar , Jaswantarao , Anataji mankeshwar, sons of Pilaji jadhav were placed on the right hand side of the Maratha centre . Ibrahim Khan, Damaji Gaikwad and Vithal shivdev were on the left side of Sadshivrao .

Bhausaheb was seated on an elephant and Viswasrao led the charge of the Maratha centre .Earlier on most occasions it was Balwantarao who led the charge but after the death of this brave Brahman military general this responsibility was undertaken by the brave and young nephew of Bhausaheb. The Maratha horsemen of huzurat (personal cavalry of peshwa) fell heavily on the Afghan centre led by Abdali’s Wazir Shah Wali Khan .In the first half of the battle the Afghan centre was cut into pieces. Atai Khan , the slayer of Govindpant and the nephew of Shah Wali Khan was killed and most of the Afghans started fleeing from the battle field. Around 2 P.M. Abadali sent reinforcement in the Afghan centre which came like a bolt from the blue on the Marathas . Viswasrao was hit by a bullet shot around 3 P. M. And he fell from his horse. His dead body was brought to Bhausaheb. Bhausaheb then dismounted his elephant and mounted his horse to lead the charge.  The site of the vacant Ambari created panic in the Maratha camp and most of the Marathas deserted the battle field. According to Bhausaheb’s Kaifiyat Bhausaheb continued the battle with his small number of loyal followers . Tukoji Sindhia who had rushed from Maratha right wing to support Bhausaheb said : “ Maharaj , you have crossed all limits of kshatriya dharma , it is best you leave the battle now” . To which Bhausaheb replied “ Tukoji Baba , now where will i go ? Look at the condition of Raosaheb(Viswasrao) . What face will i show to Nanasaheb. I have promised Ibrahim Khan that I will not leave the battle field”   . Hearing this Tukoji dismounted his horse and began his fight on foot . Suddenly he noticed some blood on his hand and came to know that he has been shot .

What happened to Sadashivrao is not exactly known , there are various versions of the story of his end one narrated by Kashiraj is accepted by most .There are many stories  spread all around in the Panipat region regarding the finale fate of Sadshivrao .